025.431: The Dewey blog

Nuclear Nonproliferation and Prevention of Nuclear Terrorism

Nuclear disarmament, nuclear nonproliferation, and the threat of nuclear terrorism were major themes of the 47-nation Nuclear Security Summit, held in Washington April 12–13.  The final communiqué of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit begins:

Nuclear terrorism is one of the most challenging threats to international security, and strong nuclear security measures are the most effective means to prevent terrorists, criminals, or other unauthorized actors from acquiring nuclear materials.

In addition to our shared goals of nuclear disarmament, nuclear nonproliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, we also all share the objective of nuclear security.  Therefore those gathered here in Washington, D.C. on April 13, 2010, commit to strengthen nuclear security and reduce the threat of nuclear terrorism. Success will require responsible national actions and sustained and effective international cooperation.

The BBC story “Barack Obama's Nuclear Summit of Small Victories” points out that many of the same issues will be discussed again during the review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The United Nations web site has information about the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which will be held in May 2010 at UN headquarters in New York.

Browsing the Relative Index yields entries like the following:

Nuclear disarmament                              327.1747
Nuclear disarmament—law of nations         341.734

Nuclear nonproliferation                          327.1747
Nuclear nonproliferation—law of nations     341.734

Nuclear terrorism                                   363.3255

The interdisciplinary number for works on nuclear nonproliferation is 327.1747 Nuclear disarmament, which has the class-here note “Class here strategic arms limitation, limitation of specific nuclear weapons.”  In the upward hierarchy are 327.17 International cooperation and 327 International relations.  Examples of works classed in 327.1747 are Nuclear Nonproliferation, Nonproliferation Norms: Why States Choose Nuclear Restraint, and Nuclear Safeguards, Security and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy.

Works that emphasize legal aspects of nuclear nonproliferation are classed in 341.734 Control of nuclear weapons. In the upward hierarchy are 341 Law of nations, which has the class-here note “Class here international law, public international law,” and 341.7 International cooperation.  An example of a work classed in 341.734 is Nuclear Weapons and International Law in the Post Cold War World.  Although the entry 341.734 Control of nuclear weapons has an add footnote (“Add as instructed under 341.2–341.7”), the notation for treaties from the add table under 341.2–341.7 Specific topics is not added for a discussion like Extending the Non-Proliferation Treaty: Legal Questions Faced by the Parties in 1995 because of the second note at 026 Treaties, codes, cases: “Do not use for discussions, commentaries, or popular works; class with the subject in 341.2–341.7 without further subdivision.”

The interdisciplinary number for nuclear terrorism is 363.3255 Nuclear terrorism. In the upward hierarchy is 363.3 Other aspects of public safety. A work on prevention of nuclear terrorism in the United States—e.g., Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe—is classed in 363.325570973 (built with 363.3255 plus 7 Measures to prevent, protect against, limit effects of problems from the add table under 362–363 Specific social problems and services, following the add footnote at 363.3255, plus T1—09 Geographic treatment plus T2—73 United States, following instructions at T1—093–T1—099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds).

Mine Safety

Mine safety issues are in the news following tragic coal mining disasters in China and the United States.  Examples of news stories are “China and West Virginia: A Tale of Two Mine Disasters” (Time magazine), “China to Crack Down on Mine Safety Violations” (Wall Street Journal), “With No Survivors in West Virginia Mine Blast, Focus Shifts to Responsibility” (Christian Science Monitor), and “Other Massey Mines Showed A Pattern Of Violations” (National Public Radio).

Browsing for “Mine safety” in the Relative Index yields:

Mine safety                               363.119622
Mine safety—social services         363.119622
Mine safety—technology              622.8

The interdisciplinary number for mine safety (and failures of safety) is 363.119622 Mine health and safety (built with 363.119 Occupational and industrial hazards in specific industries and occupations plus 622 Mining and related operations, following instructions at 363.119001–363.119999 Subdivisions for specific industries and occupations). The number is a subdivision of 363.1 Public safety programs, which has the class-here note: “Class here safety measures, interdisciplinary works on safety.”  Class-here notes have hierarchical force. An example of a work classed in 363.119622 is Minesafe International 2003: Conference Proceedings. For another example, Regulating Health and Safety in the British Mining Industries, 1800-1914 is classed in 363.119622094109034 Mine health and safety in British Isles in 19th century (363.119622 plus T1—09 Historical, geographic, persons treatment plus T2—41 British Isles, following instructions at T1—093–T1—099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds, plus 09 Historical treatment from add table at T1—093–T1—099, plus 034 from T1—09034 19th century, 1800–1899, following instructions at 09 in the add table at  T1—093–T1—099).

Subdivisions of 363.119622 are available for mining specific kinds of materials, because the add instruction at 363.119001–363.119999 Subdivisions for specific industries and occupations calls for adding from the entire schedule (001–999).  One of the examples given with the add instruction is “hazards in coal mining 363.119622334.”  For example, Blast! : Cape Breton Coal Mine Disasters is classed in 363.119622334097169 Health and safety in coal mining in Cape Breton Island (built with 363.119 plus 622.33 Mining for carbonaceous materials, following instructions at 363.119001–363.119999, plus 4 from 553.24 Bituminous and semibituminous coal, following instructions at 622.331–622.337 Coal, graphite, solid and semisolid bitumens, plus T1—09 Historical, geographic, persons treatment plus T2—7169 Cape Breton Island). At 553.24 Bituminous and semibituminous coal are the notes:

Standard subdivisions are added for bituminous and semibituminous coal together, for bituminous coal alone

Class here comprehensive works on coal

For peat, see 553.21; for lignite, see 553.22; for cannel coal, see 553.23; for anthracite, see 553.25; for jet, see 553.87

Comprehensive works on safety in coal mining are classed in 363.119622334, but a work that focused on safety in anthracite coal mining would be classed in 363.119622335 (built with 5 from 553.25 Anthracite coal), because of the see reference from 553.24 to 553.25.    
                  
Technology of mine safety is classed in 622.8 Mine health and safety, e.g., International Mining Forum: New technologies in underground mining safety in mines: Proceedings of the Fifth International Mining Forum 2004, February 24-29, 2004, Cracow-Szczyrk-Wieliczka, Poland. 

There are subdivisions for specific topics, e.g., 622.82 Control of gas and explosions.  An example of a work classed in 622.82 is Handbook for Methane Control in Mining. With the add note at 622.331–622.337 Coal, graphite, solid and semisolid bitumens, which is used to build the number for coal mining, is the see reference: “however, for safety measures, see 622.8.”  See references have hierarchical force. Hence Coal Mine Methane: Review of the Mechanisms for Control of Emissions is also classed in 622.82.

After reviewing this blog, Giles wrote: “These coal-mining disasters reminded me of this monument that I saw a year and a half ago in southeastern Kentucky: Coal Miners' Memorial -- it’s a monument to the coal miners who have died in just one county in Appalachia.”

Saturn and Its Moons and Rings

“Cassini Doubleheader: Flying By Titan and Dione” was the title of a press release issued by NASA last week, announcing plans for the Cassini spacecraft to fly by two of Saturn’s moons, Titan and  Dione.  More information is available at “Titan Flyby (T-67) - April 5, 2010” and “Dione Flyby (D-2) - April 7, 2010.” As the press release explains, “The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency.”

In March Science published an article entitled “An Evolving View of Saturn’s Dynamic Rings,” “reviewing our understanding of Saturn’s rings after nearly 6 years of observations by the Cassini spacecraft.”   The report was summarized in Astronomy, “Six Years In, Cassini Provides Insights into Saturn's Rings, with More to Come.”

Comprehensive works about Saturn and its moons and rings are classed in 523.46 Saturn. At 523.4 Planets, asteroids, trans-Neptunian objects of solar system is the class-here note: “Class here comprehensive works on planets, satellites, rings of solar system”; that note has hierarchical force.  Examples of works classed in 523.46 are Saturn: A New View and A Look at Saturn.

At 523.4 Planets, asteroids, trans-Neptunian objects of solar system is the see reference: “For satellites and rings, see 523.98”; that note has hierarchical force. At 523.98 Satellites and rings is the note: “Variant name for satellites: moons.”  Works about Saturn’s moons and rings are classed in 523.986 Satellites and rings of Saturn (built with 523.98 Satellites and rings plus 6 from 523.46 Saturn, following instructions at 523.98).  At 523.98 is the note “Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading.”  Examples of works classed in 523.986 are Titan Unveiled: Saturn's Mysterious Moon Explored and On the Relevance of Particle Adhesion: Applications to Saturn's Rings.